Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle in Indonesian School at a Glance Essay Example for Free

Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle in Indonesian School at a Glance EssayCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONA. Abstract We ar astronautsall of us. We ride a spaceship called Earth on its endless journey nigh the sun. This ship of ours is blessed with life support systems so ingenious that they are self-renewing, so massive that they locoweed supply the needs of billions. Unfortunately for centuries we have taken them for granted, considering their content limitless. At last we have begun to monitor the systems, and the findings are deeply disturbing. Scientists and government officials of entire world countries agree that we are in trouble. Unless we stop abusing our vital life-support systems, they will fail. We must maintain them, or pay the penalty.The penalty is death. Air, water, and landthose are the systems. On land, nature moves full circle. Living things are nourished in that respect, induce old and die, then decompose to enrich the land again. A thin envelope of circularise surround s the planet. We use its oxygen, exhaling carbon dioxide, which vegetation absorbs. Plants use the carbon for harvest-tide by the marvelous process called photosynthesis, and return oxygen to the atmosphere. Thus natures delicate balance is maintained. Most states today are ill equipped to monitor the thousands of air-pollution sources within their borders and because corrective measures can be tremendously expensive, years may pass before a factory stops spouting black smoke. Virtually all scientist we listened toand they numbered in the dozensemphasized that mankind must control population growth.They forecast widespread famine if population soars unchecked. Plagues, toofor in the metropolitan urban sprawl of the future there will no longer be sparsely settled buffer zones around cities to curb epidemics. What are the priorities? Most ecologists answered something like this unobjectionable up the most threatened areas first. treat to unsnarl the fragmented, overlapping respon sibility on national, state, and local levels. Focus research on finding environmental answersthere is so much yet to be learned. Be realistic about immediate goals. At least for now, settle for making a river clean passable to serve its particular purpose. Later, it can be made to be clean enough to drink. Get practical, enforceable pollution laws passedstandardized ones that will apply to both sides of a river, for instance, when it flows between two states.Before using a new chemical, explore for side effects, and when a new product is poseed, plan for its ultimate disposal. Work toward recycling one factorys industrial waste can be another plans raw material, and make each individual aware of the problemssame like his contri bution in solving them. This is the main problem among us who are living over this earth, how to control the production flow of goods and reutilize it well after it has been out of its expediency period, how we could be innovative and creative in making the best use of our own belongings, unravel our industry wastes by processing it well, recycling it to be more(prenominal) profitable good, and the most important that is inuring ourselves with reverting process to the raw(a) resources and lifestyles.B. SMA Negeri 1 Purworejos Project From the abstraction given above, we can deduce that the conservation on natural ecology and surroundings is very eminent to keep the environments balance safe. It is all above that influences SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo to try developing high-ranking eco- crop environment. The groom management party has deemed for the better naturalize worthy-life by place a pledge educative projects thru finalizing annual plan of eco-school improvement which is based on green living principles. From the middle of 2004, SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo has formulated some strategic programs that are able to give lots of advantages for the schools citizens lives.CHAPTER 2 imply OF VIEWA. General Decisive Idea of 3R1. Reduce Reduce is a behavior or an action of the costumers that is able to alleviate the production of wastes, such as the usage of biodegradable bag as the substitute of non-biodegradable plastic bag and maximizing the best use of moor-land.2. Reuse Reuse is utilizing the waste directly and move it without any recycling process. The reuse process can be efficiently employ well not only on the organic wastes recycling only, but also on the nonorganic wastes. The application of reusing process, for examplea. The residual waste of food producing can be advantaged as the food for animal. b. The former tires can be use again and urbane to be other unique utensils and various shape of furniture. c. The residual product of furniture constructing process is able to be benefitted as useful handicrafts, such as little bag, sandals, tissue-pot, etc.3. Recycle Recycle is processing and reusing materials that would otherwise be thrown away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, fro m old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in new products. In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs less and requires less competency than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand for high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the center of pollution produced during the manufacturing process.It decreases the amount of land needed for trash dumps by reducing the volume of discarded waste. Recycling can be done internally (within a company) or externally (after a product is sold and used). In the paper industry, for example, internal recycling occurs when leftover stock and trimmings are salvaged to help make more new product. Since the recovered material never left the manufacturing plant, the final product is said to contain pre-consumer waste. External recycling occurs when materials used by the customer are returned for processing in to new products. Materials ready to be recycled in this manner, such as empty beverage containers, are called postconsumer waste.B. 3R take the field in SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo 1. The Motive of the Campaign The campaign of 3Rs implementation in SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo has some important motives, such asa. SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo initially has a personal cogitation to develop a green ordination in school thru improving the students comprehension of 3R campaign. b. The school management wants to make an eco-activity of teaching and learning process in the school by benefiting no longer unused goods at school, like the former papers, second hand books, and materials trace. c. SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo is perking the new projects up to build eco-friendly constructed buildings in a vacant area, because SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo is being on a period of developing schools building. d. The stakeholders of the school intend to seat 3R slogan into action thru arranging the 3Rs Application School An nual Program. e. The citizen of the school has been cognizant that recycling conserves natural resources by reducing the need for new material. Some natural resources are renewable, meaning they can be replaced, and some are not. Paper, corrugated board, and other paper products come from renewable timber sources. Trees harvested to make those products can be replaced by growing more trees. Iron and aluminum come from nonrenewable ore deposits. Once a deposit is mined, it cannot be replaced.2. The Aim of Practicing 3R In the practice of candidature 3R program, SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo has a lot of aims that would be achieved, viz. a. Grooming green society students in the school. b. Putting 3R implementation as an eco-educational culture of the school. This would be pass judgment to give a high-standardized appraisal of the surroundings. c. Reducing a lot of second hand belongings and recycling them to be more advantageous goods. d. Keeping the planted-tree areas in eyes, so the sch ool will be a green and eco-friendly place to have a teaching and learning process.3. The Implementations Year by year, SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo endlessly refurbishes various school programs to flesh the school citizens desires out as a part of global innovative society. The programs of which SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo has amended, for examplea. Recycling Contest This was an annual contest who involved entire classrooms member as the participants. They worked together to make a creative design of former plastics-fabricated thing and put it into a real good. For the further imaginings, the school had brought theme Fashionable Clothes last year. Each class was given a duty to send a model who worn the recycled-plastics clothes and performed it in front of their friends. This year, the school raised interesting theme up to draw the students for participating, that was Monumental Building. It was out of understanding that the students were able to construct astonishing varieties, like Eiffe l tower, Noahs ship, the statue of Ganesha, Neuschwanstein Castle, mosque, military tank, etc.b. Wall Magazine Competition This competition was initially held in purpose of amending the students creativeness in designing reused-trashes. The wall mag was created from trashy papers, dried tree-branches and leaves, shoddy cardboards, etc. Every class had to create a wide wall magazine which took natural materials as the main substance. This natural wall magazine would be displayed in front of each class of which the wall magazine belonged to. This creative fancy got superbly high appreciation from the people outside the school.c. Recycling Plastic As the Main Material Plastic was used in almost either school utensils, but alas plastics are more difficult to recycle than metal, paper, or glass. One arduous problem faced was that the school got some difficulties in recycling plastics by shredding it into flakes and then melting the flakes into pellets. The final decision that had bee n taken was the school would redraw the plastics on by creating numerous innovative things, such as the resave-able bags, lucky sandals, handicrafts, plain garbage cans, seedling pots, etc., which the entire entities were made from plastic waste.d. Reusing the Organic Trashes The organic trashes, such as dried leaves, branches, roots, etc., were benefitted to be organic fertilizer like compos which were processed well by a modern machine. Besides those tree components, another real reusing process could be observed at the stationery that had been used. For example, the teachers uttered simple instructions to the students for doing the homework given by doing it on the no longer useless paper, like old carton, former paper-packing, scrapped paper, etc.C. Result of the 3R Campaign The response of the 3R campaigns real implementations in SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo gave a lot of benefit for the schools citizen. The result of campaigning 3R slogan for specifically1. The students go to sl eep planting herbals and houseplants at home and school. Nowadays they are keen on campaigning a grooming green society program thru filling the schools wall magazine with news and recently info about the conservations on environment, updating the postings in social medias about the real fact of our in style(p) earths condition, and inducing the students to conserve school environments by broadening persuasive slogans among the school citizens.2. The school management not long ago has official the regulations to give the best treatment to the school environment. It was very useful to realize the schools project.3. The schools citizen is nowadays fond of recycling the school wastes to be expedient goods, especially handicrafts.4. The school environment is cleaner than before. There are lots of mini-parks in every school corner. They are very worthy for the students who are yearning for comfortable self-learning.5. There are some student movements that have been created who have main duty as prime mover or activator in treating the continuousness of the green school environs.CHAPTER 3CULMINATIONA. Conclusion From the entire explanations above, we can take some conclusions that is to say 1. Grooming green society in school is very important because it will give lots of advantages to the schools citizen. 2. Our allegiance in treating the stability of the nature depends on how we memorialize a good attitude in growing the natural environment up. 3. SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo has tried various endeavors in treating the eco-school surroundings by campaigning 3R slogans enactments that were applied to the students and entire schools citizens. 4. The 3R Application Campaign held by SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo has been done effectively and thru the real implementations, it gave natural balance atmosphere in the school. The shool became greener, cooler, and the air was fresher. 5. The 3R Application Campaign in SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo was supported by students movements who desired to spread the allurements in flourishing environs stability. 6. The crusading movement of 3R slogan applications done by SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo had involved every school students, so it could be precisely concluded that those tangible endeavors were efficacious and thoroughly successful.B. Suggestion For the other parties who have so much desire to take 3R Application Campaign in action like what SMA Negeri 1 Purworejo has applied, it is advisable to them to be exact 1. Practicing 3R slogan one by one. Dont directly apply 3R slogan thoroughly if we consider that we dont be capable to practice it. 2. Seeking for the other parties supports, so we could be easier to take a step forward. 3. Learning the fully environmental eruditions by root, so when we are campaigning about 3R Application, we have comprehended and move to memorize well everything about go-green movement and environs-treating.

African American Culture Essay Example for Free

Afri bay window Ameri endure Culture EssayAfrican American civilisation in the United States intromits the versatile ethnicalal imposts of African ethnic groups. It is both wear out of and lucid from American coating. The U. S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as people having origins in any of the shocking race groups of Africa. 1 African American culture is indigenous to the posterity in the U. S. of survivors of the Middle Passage. It is rooted in Africa and is an amalgam of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures. Although thrall greatly restricted the ability of Africans in America to practice their cultural traditions, many a nonher(prenominal) practices, values and beliefs survived and over time ready incorporated ele custodyts of European American culture. There be even certain facets of African American culture that were brought into macrocosm or made more crowing as a direct of slavery an example of this is how drumming became used as a means of communication and establishing a community identity during that time. The result is a dynamic, creative culture that has had and continues to live a profound impact on mainstream American culture and on world culture as well.After Emancipation, these uniquely African American traditions continued to grow. They actual into distinctive traditions in music, art, writings, religion, food, holidays, amongst others. eyepatch for some time sociologists, much(prenominal) as Gunnar Myrdal and Patrick Moynihan, believed that African Americans had lost most cultural ties with Africa, anthropological vault of heaven research by Melville Hersovits and others demonstrated that there is a continuum of African traditions among Africans in the New World from the West Indies to the United States.The greatest operate of African cultural practices on European cultures is found below the Mason-Dixon in the southeastern United States, especially in the Carolinas among the Gullah people an d in Louisiana. African American culture often developed separately from mainstream American culture because of African Americans desire to practice their own traditions, as well as the persistence of racial segregation in America. Consequently African American culture has become a significant part of American culture and only, at the same time, remains a distinct culture apart from it. HistoryFrom the earliest days of slavery, slave owners sought to exercise control over their slaves by attempting to strip them of their African culture. The physical closing off and societal marginalization of African slaves and, later, of their go off progeny, however, actually facilitated the retention of significant elements of tralatitious culture among Africans in the New World generally, and in the U. S. in particular. break ones back owners deliberately tried to repress political organization in order to deal with the many slave rebellions that took place in the southern United States, B razil, Haiti, and the Dutch Guyanas.African cultures,slavery,slave rebellions,and the civil rights movements(circa 1800s-160s) begin shaped African American religious, familial, political and economic behaviors. The imprint of Africa is evident in myriad ways, in politics, economics, language, music, hairstyles, fashion, dance, religion and worldview, and food supplying methods. In the United States, the very legislation that was designed to strip slaves of culture and deny them education served in many ways to strengthen it.In turn, African American culture has had a pervasive, transformative impact on myriad elements of mainstream American culture, among them language, music, dance, religion, cuisine, and agriculture. This process of mutual creative exchange is called creolization. Over time, the culture of African slaves and their descendants has been ubiquitous in its impact on not only the dominant American culture, but on world culture as well. Oral tradition Slaveholders lim ited or prohibited education of enslaved African Americans because they believed it might lead to revolts or escape plans.Hence, African-based oral traditions became the primary means of preserving history, morals, and other cultural teaching among the people. This was consistent with the griot practices of oral history in many African and other cultures that did not rely on the written word. Many of these cultural elements have been passed from times to generation through story cogent. The folktales provided African Americans the opportunity to inspire and educate one another. Examples of African American folktales include trickster tales of Brer Rabbit and heroic tales much(prenominal) as that of buns Henry. The Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris helped to bring African American folk tales into mainstream adoption. Harris did not appreciate the complexity of the stories nor their potential for a lasting impact on society. Characteristics of the African American oral tr adition present themselves in a take of forms. African American preachers tend to perform rather than simply speak. The emotion of the proceeds is carried through the speakers tone, volume, and movement, which tend to mirror the rising action, climax, and descending action of the sermon.Often stock, dance, verse and structured pauses atomic number 18 placed throughout the sermon. Techniques such as call-and-response are used to bring the consultation into the presentation. In direct contrast to new-fashioned tradition in other American and Western cultures, it is an acceptable and common audience reaction to interrupt and affirm the speaker. verbalize word is another example of how the African American oral tradition influences advanced American best-selling(predicate) culture. Spoken word artists employ the same techniques as African American preachers including movement, rhythm, and audience participation.Rap music from the 1980s and beyond has been seen as an extension of oral culture. Harlem rebirth pic Zora Neale Hurston was a prominent literary figure during the Harlem Renaissance. Main article Harlem Renaissance The first major public recognition of African American culture occurred during the Harlem Renaissance. In the 1920s and 1930s, African American music, literature, and art gained wide notice. Authors such as Zora Neale Hurston and Nella Larsen and poets such as Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen wrote works describing the African American experience.Jazz, swing, blues and other musical forms entered American popular music. African American artists such as William H. Johnson and Palmer Hayden created unique works of art featuring African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was to a fault a time of increase political involvement for African Americans. Among the notable African American political movements founded in the early 20th speed of light are the United Negro improvement Association and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.The Nation of Islam, a notable Islamic religious movement, also began in the early 1930s. African American cultural movement The opaque Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s followed in the wake of the non-violent American Civil Rights front end. The movement promoted racial pride and ethnic cohesion in contrast to the contract on integration of the Civil Rights Movement, and adopted a more militant posture in the face of racism. It also inspired a new renaissance in African American literary and artistic grammatical construction generally referred to as the African American or Black liberal arts Movement. The works of popular recording artists such as Nina Simone (Young, Gifted and Black) and The Impressions (Keep On Pushin), as well as the poetry, fine arts and literature of the time, shaped and reflected the growing racial and political consciousness. Among the most prominent writers of the African American Arts Movement were poet Nikki Giov anni poet and publisher Don L. Lee, who later became know as Haki Madhubuti poet and playwright Leroi Jones, later cognize as Amiri Baraka and Sonia Sanchez. Other influential writers were Ed Bullins, Dudley Randall, Mari Evans, June Jordan, Larry Neal and Ahmos Zu-Bolton.Another major aspect of the African American Arts Movement was the excerpt of the African aesthetic, a return to a collective cultural sensibility and ethnic pride that was much in evidence during the Harlem Renaissance and in the celebration of Negritude among the artistic and literary circles in the U. S. , Caribbean and the African continent nearly four decades earlier the idea that black is beautiful. During this time, there was a resurgence of interest in, and an deal of, elements of African culture within African American culture that had been suppressed or devalued to conform to Eurocentric America.Natural hairstyles, such as the afro, and African clothing, such as the dashiki, gained popularity. More i mportantly, the African American aesthetic encouraged personal pride and political awareness among African Americans. Music pic Men playing the djembe, a handed-down West African drum adopted into African American and American culture. The bags and the clothing of the man on the right are printed with traditional kente cloth patterns. African American music is rooted in the typically polyrhythmic music of the ethnic groups of Africa, specifically those in the Western, Sahelean, and Sub-Saharan regions.African oral traditions, nurtured in slavery, encouraged the use of music to pass on history, teach less(prenominal)ons, ease suffering, and relay messages. The African pedigree of African American music is evident in some common elements call and response, syncopation, percussion, improvisation, swung notes, blue notes, the use of falsetto, melisma, and complex multi-part harmony. During slavery, Africans in America blended traditional European hymns with African elements to create spirituals. Many African Americans sing Lift Evry Voice and Sing in addition to the American national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, or in lieu of it.Written by jam Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson in 1900 to be performed for the birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the song was, and continues to be, a popular way for African Americans to recall past struggles and express ethnic solidarity, faith and hope for the future. The song was adopted as the Negro National Anthem by the NAACP in 1919. African American children are taught the song at school, church or by their families. Lift Evry Voice and Sing traditionally is sung immediately following, or instead of, The Star-Spangled Banner at events hosted by African American churches, schools, and other organizations.In the 1800s, as the result of the blackface minstrel show, African American music entered mainstream American society. By the early twentieth century, several musical forms with origins in the African American community had transformed American popular music. Aided by the technological innovations of radio and phonograph records, ragtime, jazz, blues, and swing also became popular overseas, and the 1920s became known as the Jazz Age. The early 20th century also saw the creation of the first African American Broadway shows, films such as King Vidors Hallelujah, and operas such as George Gershwins Porgy and Bess.Rock and roll, doo wop, soul, and RB developed in the mid 20th century. These genres became very popular in clear audiences and were influences for other genres such as surf. The dozens, an urban African American tradition of using rhyming slang to put down your enemies (or friends) developed through the smart-ass street jive of the early Seventies into a new form of music. In the South Bronx, the half speaking, half singing rhythmic street talk of rapping grew into the hugely successful cultural force known as Hip Hop.Hip Hop would become a multicultural movement. However, it is still impo rtant to many African Americans. The African American Cultural Movement of the 1960s and 1970s also fueled the growth of funk and later hip-hop forms such as rap, hip house, new jack swing and go go. African American music has experienced far more widespread acceptance in American popular music in the 21st century than ever in advance. In addition to continuing to develop newer musical forms, modern artists have also started a rebirth of older genres in the form of genres such as neo soul and modern funk-inspired groups. Dance pic.The Cakewalk was the first African American dance to gain widespread popularity in the United States. pic African American dance, like other aspects of African American culture, finds its earliest roots in the dances of the hundreds of African ethnic groups that made up African slaves in the Americas as well as influences from European sources in the United States. Dance in the African tradition, and thus in the tradition of slaves, was a part of both eve ry day life and special occasions. Many of these traditions such as get down, ring shouts, and other elements of African consistency language survive as elements of modern dance.In the 1800s, African American dance began to appear in minstrel shows. These shows often presented African Americans as caricatures for ridicule to large audiences. The first African American dance to become popular with White dancers was the cakewalk in 1891. Later dances to follow in this tradition include the Charleston, the Lindy Hop, and the Jitterbug. During the Harlem Renaissance, all African American Broadway shows such as Shuffle Along helped to establish and legitimize African American dancers.African American dance forms such as tap, a combination of African and European influences, gained widespread popularity thanks to dancers such as Bill Robinson and were used by leading White choreographers who often hired African American dancers. Contemporary African American dance is descended from thes e earlier forms and also draws influence from African and Caribbean dance forms. Groups such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater have continued to contribute to the growth of this form. Modern popular dance in America is also greatly influenced by African American dance.American popular dance has also drawn many influences from African American dance most notably in the hip hop genre. Art pic Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City by Henry Ossawa Tanner 1859-1937 From its early origins in slave communities, through the end of the twentieth century, African-American art has made a vital contribution to the art of the United States. During the period amidst the 1600s and the early 1800s, art took the form of small drums, quilts, wrought-iron figures and ceramic vessels in the southern United States. These artifacts have similarities with comparable crafts in West and Central Africa.In contrast, African American artisans like the New Englandbased engraver Scipio Moorhead and the Ba ltimore portrait painter Joshua Johnson created art that was conceived in a thoroughly western European fashion. During the 1800s, Harriet Powers made quilts in rural Georgia, United States that are now considered among the finest examples of nineteenth-century Southern quilting. Later in the 20th century, the women of Gees Bend developed a distinctive, bold, and sophisticated quilting style based on traditional African American quilts with a geometric simplicity that developed separately but was like that of Amish quilts and modern art.After the American Civil War, museums and galleries began more frequently to display the work of African American artists. Cultural expression in mainstream venues was still limited by the dominant European aesthetic and by racial prejudice. To increase the visibility of their work, many African American artists travelled to Europe where they had greater freedom. It was not until the Harlem Renaissance that more whites began to pay attention to Afric an American art in America. pic Kara Walker, Cut, Cut paper and adhesive on wall, Brent Sikkema NYC.During the 1920s, artists such as Raymond Barthe, Aaron Douglas, Augusta Savage, and photographer James Van Der Zee became well known for their work. During the Great Depression, new opportunities arose for these and other African American artists under the WPA. In later years, other programs and institutions, such as the New York City-based Harmon Foundation, helped to foster African American artistic talent. Augusta Savage, Elizabeth Catlett, Lois Mailou Jones, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence and others exhibited in museums and juried art shows, and reinforced reputations and followings for themselves.In the 1950s and 1960s, there were very few widely accepted African American artists. Despite this, The Highwaymen, a loose association of 27 African American artists from Ft. Pierce, Florida, created idyllic, quickly realized images of the Florida landscape and peddled some 50,000 of t hem from the trunks of their cars. They sold their art directly to the public rather than through galleries and art agents, thus receiving the learn The Highwaymen. Rediscovered in the mid-1990s, today they are recognized as an important part of American folk history.Their artwork is widely collected by enthusiasts and original pieces can easily fetch thousands of dollars in auctions and sales. The Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was another period of resurgent interest in African American art. During this period, several African-American artists gained national prominence, among them Lou Stovall, Ed Love, Charles White, and Jeff Donaldson. Donaldson and a group of African-American artists formed the Afrocentric collective AFRICOBRA, which remains in existence today.The sculptor Martin Puryear, whose work has been acclaimed for years, is being honored with a 30-year retrospective of his work at the Museum of Modern Art in New York starting November 2007. Notable contempo rary African American artists include David Hammons, Eugene J. Martin, Charles Tolliver, and Kara Walker. Literature pic Langston Hughes, a notable African American poet of the Harlem Renaissance. African American literature has its roots in the oral traditions of African slaves in America. The slaves used stories and fables in much the same way as they used music.These stories influenced the earliest African American writers and poets in the 18thcentury such as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano. These authors reached early high points by telling slave narratives. During the early 20th century Harlem Renaissance, numerous authors and poets, such as Langston Hughes, W. E. B. Dubois, and Booker T. Washington, grappled with how to respond to discrimination in America. Authors during the Civil Rights era, such as Richard Wright, James Baldwin and Gwendolyn Brooks wrote about issues of racial segregation, oppression and other aspects of African American life.This tradition continues t oday with authors who have been accepted as an integral part of American literature, with works such as Roots The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, and Beloved by Nobel Prize-winning Toni Morrison, and series by Octavia Butler and Walter Mosley that have achieved both best-selling and/or award-winning status. Museums The African American Museum Movement emerged during the 1950s and 1960s to preserve the heritage of the African American experience and to pick up its proper interpretation in American history.Museums devoted to African American history are found in many African American neighborhoods. Institutions such as the African American Museum and Library at Oakland and The African American Museum in Cleveland were created by African Americans to teach and investigate cultural history that, until recent decades was primarily preserved trough oral traditions. Language Generations of hardships imposed on the African American community crea ted distinctive language patterns. Slave owners often by design mixed people who spoke different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English.This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidgins, simplify mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate. Examples of pidgins that became fully developed languages include Creole, common to Haiti,and Gullah, common to the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language closely associated with the speech of but not exclusive to African Americans.While AAVE is academically considered a legitimate dialect because of its logical structure, some of both Caucasians and African Americans consider it slang or the result of a execrable command of Standard American English. Inner city African American children who are isolated by speaking only AAVE have more worry with standardized testing and, after school, moving to the mainstream world for work. It is common for many speakers of AAVE to code switch between AAVE and Standard American English depending on the setting. direction and aesthetics pic.A man weaving kente cloth in Ghana. Attire The cultural explosion of the 1960s saw the incorporation of surviving cultural crop with elements from modern fashion and West African traditional clothing to create a uniquely African American traditional style. Kente cloth is the best known African textile. These festive woven patterns, which exist in numerous varieties, were originally made by the Ashanti and Ewe peoples of Ghana and Togo. Kente fabric also appears in a number of Western style fashions ranging from casual t-shirts to formal bow ties and cummerbunds.Kente strips are often sewn into liturgical and academic robes or worn as stoles. Since the Black Arts Movement, traditional African clothing has been popular amongst African Americans for both formal and informal occasions. Another common aspect of fashion in African American culture involves the appropriate dress for worship in the Black church. It is expected in most churches that an individual should present their best appearance for worship. African American women in particular are known for wearing vibrant dresses and suits.An interpretation of a characterization from the Christian Bible, every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncover dishonors her head , has led to the tradition of wearing elaborate Sunday hats, sometimes known as crowns. Hair Hair styling in African American culture is greatly varied. African American hair is typically composed of tightly coiled curls. The predominant styles for women involve the straightening of the hair through the application of heat or chemical processes. These treatments form the base for the most commonly socially acceptable hairstyles in the United States.Alternatively, the predominant and most socially acceptable practice for men is to leave ones hair natural. Often, as men age and begin to lose their hair, the hair is either closely cropped, or the head is shaved completely free of hair. However, since the 1960s, natural hairstyles, such as the afro, braids, and dreadlocks, have been growing in popularity. Although the association with radical political movements and their vast difference from mainstream Western hairstyles, the styles have not yet attained widespread social acceptance.Maintaining facial hair is more prevalent among African American men than in other male populations in the U. S. In fact, the soul patch is so named because African American men, particularly jazz musicians, popularized the style. The preference for facial hair among African American men is due partly to personal taste, but because they are more prone than other ethnic groups to develop a condition known as pseudofolliculitis barbae, co mmonly referred to as shave bumps, many prefer not to shave. Body imageThe European aesthetic and attendant mainstream concepts of beauty are often at odds with the African body form. Because of this, African American women often find themselves under pressure to conform to European standards of beauty. Still, there are individuals and groups who are working towards raising the standing of the African aesthetic among African Americans and internationally as well. This includes efforts toward promoting as models those with clearly defined African features the mainstreaming of natural hairstyles and, in women, fuller, more voluptuous body types.Religion While African Americans practice a number of religions, Protestant Christianity is by far the most popular. Additionally, 14% of Muslims in the United States and Canada are African American. Christianity pic A river baptism in New Bern, North Carolina near the turn of the 20th century. The religious institutions of African American Ch ristians commonly are referred tocollectively as the black church. During slavery, many slaves were stripped of their African belief systems and typically denied free religious practice.Slaves managed, however, to hang on to some practices by integrating them into Christian worship in secret meetings. These practices, including dance, shouts, African rhythms, and intense singing, remain a large part of worship in the African American church. African American churches taught that all people were equal in Gods eye and viewed the doctrine of obedience to ones master taught in white churches as hypocritical. Instead the African American church focused on the message of equality and hopes for a better future.Before and after emancipation, racial segregation in America prompted the development of organized African American denominations. The first of these was the AME Church founded by Richard Allen in 1787. An African American church is not necessarily a separate denomination. Several p redominantly African American churches exist as members of predominantly white denominations. African American churches have served to provide African American people with leadership positions and opportunities to organize that were denied in mainstream American society.Because of this, African American pastors became the bridge between the African American and European American communities and thus played a crucial role in the American Civil Rights Movement. Like many Christians, African American Christians sometimes participate in or attend a Christmas play. Black Nativity by Langston Hughes is a re-telling of the classic Nativity story with gospel singing music. Productions can be found a African American theaters and churches all over the country. Islam pic A member of the Nation of Islam selling merchandise on a city street corner.Despite the popular assumption that the Nation represents all or most African American Muslims, less than 2% are members. Generations before the adv ent of the Atlantic slave trade, Islam was a thriving religion in West Africa due to its peaceful introduction via the lucrative trans-Saharan trade between prominent tribes in the southern Sahara and the Berbers to the North. In his attesting to this fact the West African scholar Cheikh Anta Diop explainedThe primary reason for the success of Islam in Black Africaconsequently stems from the fact that it was propagated peacefully at first by solitary Arabo-Berber travelers to certain Black kings and notables, who then spread it about them to those under their jurisdiction Many first-generation slaves were often able to retain their Muslim identity, their descendants were not. Slaves were either forcibly converted to Christianity as was the case in the Catholic lands or were besieged with gross inconviences to their religious practice such as in the case of the Protestant American mainland.In the decades after slavery and particularly during the depression era, Islam reemerged in the form of highly visible and sometimes controversial heterodox movements in the African American community. The first of these of note was the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded by Noble Drew Ali. Ali had a profound influence on Wallace Fard, who later founded the Black nationalist Nation of Islam in 1930. Elijah Muhammad became head of the organization in 1934. Much like Malcolm X, who left the Nation of Islam in 1964, many African American Muslims now follow traditional Islam.A survey by the Council on American-Islamic Relations shows that 30% of Sunni Mosque attendees are African Americans. African American orthodox Muslims are often the victims of stereotypes, most notably the assumption that an African American Muslim is a member of the Nation of Islam. They are often viewed by the uneducated African-American community in general as less authentic than Muslims from the Middle East or South Asia while credibility is less of an issue with immigrant Muslims and Muslim world in general. Other religions.Aside from Christianity and Islam, there are also African Americans who follow Judaism, Buddhism, and a number of other religions. The Black Hebrew Israelites are a collection of African American Jewish religious organizations. Among their varied teachings, they often include that African Americans are descended from the Biblical Hebrews (sometimes with the mistaken claim that the Jewish people are not). There is a small but growing number of African Americans who participate in African traditional religions, such as Vodou and Santeria or Ifa and diasporic traditions like Rastafarianism.Many of them are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean and South America, where these are practiced. Because of religious practices, such as animal sacrifice, which are no longer common among American religions and are often legally prohibited, these groups may be viewed negatively and are sometimes the victims of harassment. Life events For most Afr ican Americans, the observance of life events follows the pattern of mainstream American culture. There are some traditions which are unique to African Americans.Some African Americans have created new rites of passage that are linked to African traditions. Pre-teen and teenage boys and girls take classes to prepare them for adulthood. They are typically taught spirituality, responsibility, and leadership. Most of these programs are modeled after traditional African ceremonies, with the focus largely on embracing African ideologies rather than specific rituals. To this day, some African American couples choose to jump the broom as a part of their wedding ceremony.Although the practice, which can be traced back to Ghana, fell out of favor in the African American community after the end of slavery, it has experienced a slight resurgence in recent years as some couples seek to reaffirm their African heritage. Funeral traditions tend to vary based on a number of factors, including relig ion and location, but there are a number of commonalities. Probably the most important part of wipeout and dying in the African American culture is the gathering of family and friends. Either in the last days before death or shortly after death, typically any friends and family members that can be reached are notified.This gathering helps to provide spiritual and emotional support, as well as assistance in making decisions and accomplishing everyday tasks. The spirituality of death is very important in African American culture. A member of the clergy or members of the religious community, or both, are typically present with the family through the good process. Death is often viewed as transitory rather than final. Many services are called blank spacegoings, instead of funerals, based on the belief that the person is going home to the afterlife. The entire end of life process is generally treated as a celebration of life rather than a mourning of loss.This is most notably demonstr ated in the New Orleans Jazz Funeral tradition where upbeat music, dancing, and food encourage those gathered to be happy and celebrate the homegoing of a darling friend. Cuisine pic A traditional soul food dinner consisting of fried chicken, candied yams, collard greens, cornbread, and macaroni and cheese. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the United States, such as yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo dyes, and cotton, can be traced to African influences.African American foods reflect creative responses to racial and economic oppression and poverty. Under slavery, African Americans were not allowed to eat better cuts of meat, and after emancipation many often were too poor to afford them. Soul food, a hearty cuisine commonly associated with African Americans in the South (but also common to African Americans nationwide), makes creative use of inexpensive products procured through farming and subsistence hunting and fishing.

Keep Arts in Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Keep Arts in Public Schools EssayAs I scroll through my Instagram sacrifice I see various types of pictures food, family, homework and a myriad of other subjects. One affair many of the people I see on Instagram do is take pictures in front of old, beat up homes on the east side of Detroit. Why? Well, they atomic number 18 not middling beat up homes. They ar p guile of The Heidelberg Project. The Heidelberg project is a live work of art that not only attempts to make beauty out of ruins, but revives Detroit in a look and also makes a political statement of events of the past and today (FAQ). Whats my point?Well, what has made the creator of this project, Tyree Guyton come into this neighborhood and do this? Art. He has a oestrus for art, and creatively applied it to his surroundings of what seemed like junk and ruins. Guyton had arts in his grooming and carried it with him in life. Not everybody has to develop some type of passion or love for the arts and make a career ou t of it, but some people do. Who would play harmony at events? Who would create music scores for your favorite video games and movies? Design your clothes and homes? Who would act out our favorite plays, movies and musicals?Sure, some people may not be into The Arts, and they may not be very good at it. But how volition they be able to find out if they are not given the chance? The organization wants to cut arts programs from public schools to save money but it is not a wise action. Students will be less well rounded will lack the advantage of developing specific problem solving and creative intending skills, make students less motivated to attend school, and also gives them less of a chance to participate in something controlling, prevents cultural renewal and hurts the economy more than helps it (Catherine 16).According to Ann Mary, individuals who take away arts incorporated into their education end up cosmos more innovative thinkers (28). When students have some type of a rts split up, the tasks each person completes can usu entirelyy be interpreted in multiple ship canal and can also be completed in a variety of ways. Even when playing a musical piece, certain parts are not played exactly as written. People can play based on their interpretation where it is available in the sheets. Also, many popular songs today are arranged for playing on musical instruments. Not all arrangements are the same.They may have minor differences, but they could be equally representative as a rendition of the song. Having this freedom in the creative melodic theme process is important to have because in the real word, problems do not always have a specific and designed answer- they can have hundreds of possible solutions with thousands of ways of approaching them, or one solution with hundreds ways of approaching it. Students need to say how to think outside the box. Students have also been proven to perform better in school when obscure in arts programs (Benham 8).I f the only thing left in schools is standardized testing, students will be harmed instead of helped. Standardized tests discourage any type of individual thinking or further thought on the subjects creation studied by students because they are so focused on studying for the test and how it is formatted, what type of questions will be asked and which type of answers, how to describe which is the trick answer and the obviously wrong they take what they learn at face value and do not think twice of it or sift to learn more.Its all about the tests, after all. When the tests are over, the information is forgotten like last seasons questionable latest fashion craze that is directly replaced with an even more daring fad. Students are turned into one question, one answer, one method zombies that have nothing to receive from their education but sorry and white packets that determine their grade (Mary 29). School would become less enjoyable for students and they would be less motivated to attend, affecting their attendance (Catherine 17).Students that receive an arts education in school also have the advantage of being more well-rounded compared to students that go to school yet do not participate in any type of extra-curricular or elective type of classes at school. These art-involved students attract the attention of colleges more. Colleges will more likely accept and offer a acquisition to a student who is involved in music, art, or theater opposed to a student who is not involved in any activity. I cognize this firsthand by being told time and time again by a handful of different teachers and counselors.One of my close friends received a regular scholarship for her time at college because of her good grades and the music and theater classes she participated in. she is now studying music. In New York, the mayor decided to cut funding for art programs that take place during and after school due to financial crisis (Taylor). This news was discouraging to paren ts and children and educators. The children who attend these classes most likely enjoy them and learn more than just how to paint or how to cry on spot.They make friends, learn how to work with different types of people, and discover the way things work. Someone may be participating in these activities to avoid going home to a dysfunctional family and take his/her mind off the troubles. Some find it relaxing and fun (Faraj). Some parents work process the evening and feel safer knowing that their child is engaged in a positive after school activity rather than possibly being involved in illegal or dangerous street activity.The individuals that teach these programs lose their jobs and also increase the unemployment rate which does not help the financial crisis. The governments main reasoning behind the budget cuts is the lack of funds to continue supporting these programs. What the government does not realize is that this will lose money instead of save money (Catherine 16). The peop le who receive an arts education and decide to make a career out of it may start projects or businesses that cite to what they do, and also generate more jobs for more people.This would make more tax dollars for the government and also help decrease the unemployment rate. Students that carry their arts education with them will use its benefits towards their career whether they are musicians, physicists, fashion designers, engineers, and more. Personally, I have always loved the arts, especially music. Whenever it is time for music class, I get excited. In principal(a) school, the class I in condition(p) the most in was music. In high school, I took gently class for two years, and even a semester of band.Piano class was the only class where I devoted the most of my efforts and time into that class and feel like I learned the most. When I took band, I learned that all of the concepts that I learned in while learning how to play piano could be applied to playing other instruments. I feel like I have benefited from learning music because it has helped me focus on a task and I learned not to give up right away. My band/piano teacher Mr. Guthre claims, Music is the only thing a person can multitask with all while in time.You play a piece of music think about what you are playing, what you will play next, what mistake you made, all while playing in real time (Guthre). Some people may not really remember their art, music, or theater classes aside from that weird painting they were shown that makes no sense at all, some old piece by Mozart that they learned about (ugh why am I learning this, its so old ), or the strange activities students had to participate to warm up to act out Shakespeare (yet some other old guy that is centuries old, yawn), but it has still helped them subconsciously.And for those students that have stuck with anything art related, they will benefit and have the advantages of being well rounded, possessing creative thinking skills and also bei ng able to work effectively in teams while having exceptional problem solving skills. Students will also be engaged in a positive and keeps them motivated overall. The arts are more important than they seem, and the government should reconsider where to make sacrifices to save money.

Your Mind And Body Are Clearly Distinct Philosophy Essay

Your Mind And Body Are Clearly Distinct Philosophy EssayDuring his meditations, Descartes starts by doubting of al atomic number 53 timeyaffair unless it stool be indubitably known to be true. After much questioning and scepticism, Descartes comes to the conclusion I am, I go.2This seems to state that the I Descartes describes (usually defined as the apprised forefront) must exist for an individual to exist. Because for every time the I makes the above proposition, the idea or conscious self is engaged in thought and at that placefore demonstrates its own existence.After conclusively grounding his existence, Descartes inquires as to what makes up a person. He eventually deduces that I am not more than a thing that thinks3. Because to assume that his body exists is to rely on his senses that could be deceived. T herefore through intellect al one and only(a), Descartes concludes that he must be essentially a thing that thinks. When locomote to the contemplation of the mind an d body in his Sixth Meditation, Descartes then asserts that I that is to say, my soul by which I am what I am, is entirely and absolutely clear-cut from my body, and elicit exist without it.4How and why he goes from a thinking thing, to a mind distinct from body is a perplexing problem both for Descartes and for his critics. In both the Second meditation, that more clearly in part four of his Discourse on the Method Descartes presents what is commonly known as the strain from doubt I saw that I could conceive that I had no body, and that there was no world nor place where I might be but yet I could not for all that conceive that I was not. On the contrary, I saw from the very fact that I thought of doubting the truth of other things, it very evidently and authenticly followed that I was on the other hand if I had only ceased from thinking, even if all the rest of what I had ever imagined had really existed, I should have no reason for thinking that I had existed. From that I k new that I was a substance the whole essence or record of which is to think, and that for its existence there is no need of any place, nor does it depend on any material things so that this me, that is to say, the soul by which I am what I am, is entirely distinct from body, and is even more easy to know than is the latter and even if body were not, the soul would not cease to be what it is.5This pedigree push aside be displayed as such6I can doubt that I have a body.I cannot doubt that I exist.Ergo, I am not a body.7There have been many famous refutations of this argument from doubt. One problem with the argument, forwarded by Norman Malcolm, is that arguments using the same logic can be formed that lead to ridiculous results. For exampleI can doubt that the author of the pamphlet Why I Am Not a Christian existsI cannot doubt that Bertrand Russell existsErgo, Bertrand Russell is not the author of that pamphlet.8However as Malcolm himself points out, this counter-example is base d on contingent propositions, whereas Descartes argument is intended to be based on a priori propositions. But whether the subject of the proof is a posteriori or a priori, the reasoning behind the proof can still be called into question.Descartes can think of his mind without his body, but this does not necessarily mean that this is the case, that without his body his mind can still exist. In this form of reasoning, Descartes is attempting to use Leibnizs law of the indiscernibility of identicals. However Leibnizs law states that no two objects have exactly the same properties.9Therefore, if it is true that two things (the body and the self) have different properties, then they cannot be the one same thing and there must be different objects. But it is mistaken to say that if one believes that two things have different properties then they cannot be identical. This is because what people know or think they know about an object, is not a plaza of that object. Therefore when Descart es claims that he doubts his body exists, this does not mean that the body has a different property than if he did not doubt its existence. He also claims he cannot doubt that his mind exists, but if his mind is a part of his body then we can doubt that his mind, apart from the body could exist. For the doubt argument to work, Descartes needs a provable reason for us to think that the mind and the body are genuinely distinct.The second argument Descartes employs is often referred to as the argument from conceivability. It is also presented in the sixth meditation and through it Descartes sets out to prove that one can exist as a thinking thing distinct from the physical body it goes as follows I know that all things which I apprehend clearly and distinctly can be created by God as I apprehend them, it suffices that I am able to apprehend one thing apart from other clearly and distinctly in order to be certain that the one is different from the other, since they may be made to exi st in seperation at to the lowest degree by the omnipotence of GodI rightly conclude that my essence consists solely in the fact that I am a thinking thing (or a substance whose whole essence or nature is to think). And although possibly (or rather certainly, as I shall say in a moment) I possess a body with which I am very intimately conjoined, yet because, on the one side, I have a clear and distinct idea of myself inasmuch as I am only a thinking and unextended thing, and as, on the other, I possess a distinct idea of body, inasmuch as it is only an extended and unthinkingly thing, it is certain that this I (that is to say my soul by which I am what I am), is entirely and absolutly distinct from my body, and can exist without it.10This argument can also be split into three partsI can clearly and distinctly conceive of myself existing (as a thinking thing) apart from my physical body.Anything I behold clearly and distinctly is logically possible.If I can clearly and distinctly see of myself as an unextended thinking thing, and my body as an extended unthinking thing, then it is logically possible that my body and my mind can exist apart.One obvious objection to this argument is that just because one can discriminate of themselves as existing without physical properties, does not mean that they do exist without physical properties.11Another problem is that the second premise seems to be rather weak. To perceive something clearly and distinctly is not necessarily the same as it being logically possible. Descartes may be able to clearly and distinctly conceive of himself as an unextended thinking thing, and his body as an extended unthinking thing, but that does not mean he can conclude that my essence consists solely in the fact that I am a thinking thing.12He may only have an incomplete understanding of his mind and his body (with the scientific advancements of the noncurrent 300 years this seems very plausible). He has not shown that thought is the sol e property of the mind, other properties could still be essential for the mind to exist (such as extension). In order for Descartes to prove the minds distinct separation from the extended body he must prove that it is impossible for the mind to be extended or to have extension as another essential property. Therefore Descartess argument from conceivability only stands up if one agrees that clear and distinct perception is all we need to have a complete knowledge of the world, and this seem a very weak conclusion to draw.Another argument posed by Descartes is the argument from divisibility. This argument tries to prove that the mind and body are clearly distinct due to their difference in divisibility. It is set out, in the Sixth Meditation, as follows I here say, in the first place, that there is a great difference between mind and body, inasmuch as body is by nature always partible and the mind is entirely indivisible.13He then describes this assertion when I consider the mind, t hat is to say, myself inasmuch as I am only a thinking thing, I cannot enjoin in myself any parts, but apprehend myself to be clearly one and entireyet if a foot, or an arm, or some other part, is separated from my body, I am aware that nothing has been taken away from my mind.14Here Descartes is offering the following reasoning all extended matter is divisible, the mind is not divisible, therefore the mind is not made of extended matter.It is clear here that the second premise of the divisibility argument the mind is not divisible is problematic. There are many objections here that can be raised against the second premise, an obvious objection is the scientific evidence has shown convincing evidence that different areas of the physical brain are responsible for different mental states (memory, rational thought, language, emotions etc). Therefore if one removed parts of the physical brain, that persons mind would most definitely be altered. This does not mean that one must reject the idea that thoughts cannot be spatially mapped, merely that the brain in which they are contained and processed can be spatially and physically altered, and that this innovation would have a direct effect on the state of the mind. The only way that the divisibility argument can plausible is if one believes the second premise, that the mind is an deaf(p) substance distinct from both the body and the brain. This is highly improbable and would oppose everything that has been discovered by scientifically studying the brain.This conclusion leads on to the biggest objection to the Cartesian claim that the mind and body are clearly distinct. How can an immaterial mind, distinct and separate from all other matter, interact with the physical body? This is the brick bulwark that Cartesian dualism runs up against. And there has been no convincing answer, from Descartes to the present. It is more common now for philosophers to talk of the mental and the physical as two aspects of one real ity. Indeed, one could go a step further and argue why have a exclusive entity? The mind or self is not a single thing, a unified identity that travels from cradle to grave, but merely a catch all label for our swirling fragmentary perceptions of the world and reactions to it. The reason we create this self, an internal puppeteer directing our behaviour, is due to our ability to view ourselves from the outside. After all isnt this what consciousness is, to be self aware? Personally I find R.A. Brooks commentary of robot behaviour much more plausible, when thinking about the immaterial self so elusive to Descartes15 It is only the observer of the creature who imputes a primeval representation or central control. The creature itself has none it is a collection of competing behaviours. Out of the local chaos of their interactions there emerges, in the eye of the observer, a crystalline pattern of behaviour.16

Relationship Between Documentary And Reality Film Studies Essay

Relationship Between Documentary And Reality Film Studies EssayBy exploring the relationship between nonsubjective and genuineity define the genre. (Please note the term documentaryity here does not mean the genre pragmatism television).Documentary has find so scattered and diverse that it is hard to define the genre,Documentary charge has often been looked at as that which communicates the real not the imagined, (Pearce McLaughlin 2007, p.47)it tells stories, makes claims or remarks about the real historical world rather than the contrived areas of fiction. The documentary filmmaker gathers, structures and edits the material in a manner that changes it from a simple record of actuality into a wee-wee which we can refer to as documentary dialogue. then it is seen as an engaging sort of cinema nevertheless its customary techniques to enhance its aim or routine has led to issues surrounding verisimilitude. I intend to analyse further the relationship between documentary and realness exploring the conventions and panaches used to define the genre.Automatically when we view documentaries we looking at closer to the truth for two reasons first that there is a lack of falseised features and second because the events shown have not been coordinated by the filmmaker. But this is a nave approach we have to be aware that the account offered is one that is seen from a particular perspective. A documentary film is one that offers information about actual topics with a variety of aims, to record important events and ideas to inform viewing audience to convey opinions. To achieve these aims a number of common conventions are used including actuality (occurrences in motion of the lens be it events, raft or places), voice-over (the filmmaker offering information, explanations and opinions), interviews (witnesses or participants directly relate their experiences), archival footage (show historical events or to add detail without additional filming), reconstr uctions (false scenes that provide the viewer with factual information and give a sense of realism), montage (visual representation of characters thoughts helping the viewer understand what the character is saying) and the exposition (creates the viewers first impression and introduces the content) these all create a sense of presence. The overall impact of these devices is to heighten the effect of realism for the viewer making declarations about the real world and offering put down evidence to support it.In order to explain documentary further Bill Nichols identified six documentary personal mannersThat economic consumption something like sub-genres of the documentary film genre itself poetic, expository, participatory, observational, reflexive, performative. (Nichols, 2001, p.99) I will briefly consider these modes each in turn.The poetic mode is a skewed and germinal expression its desire is to grasp the hidden truth through poetic manipulation as seen in Walter Ruttmanns (19 27) film Berlin Symphony of a Great metropolis which presents an extended montage chronicling the daily life of this German city. In the scenes such as the policeman guiding traffic followed by two rows of matching stammer head toys nodding suggests a tone of conformism and ashamed loyalty of the citizens. Expository documentaries on the other hand use rhetorical methods to create realism, this mode has a straight narrative structure with a direct relationship between the images and voice-over where interviews are only used to support the films argument An Inconvenient true statement is an example of expository documentary as it trusts on verbal commentary and challenging judgment to make its case about global warming. This frankness is akin to the observational mode known as Direct Cinema. Here it appears documentary is impassive, having an candid attitude on its subject which can be seen in Richard Pennebackers Dont relish Back (1967). The participatory mode is where the film maker does not stay aloof but rather engages with it. Micheal Moores film Roger and Me (1989) displays this trait with a frankly moralistic documentary. The reflexive mode comments on the means of representation itself it uses techniques that query the notion of documentary as a category or mode. For instance Errol Morris The Thin Blue make (1988) an account of the breakdown of justice, urges the viewer to think about comparative points of truth and deceit by using reconstruction and repetition of scenes. Finally there is the performative mode which introduces concerns around the filmmaker and subject performance stressing the emotive and shared impact on the audience. In turn each mode uses the means of the narrative and realism in different ways, using conventional elements to create a range of text with ethnical matters, textual structures and typical expectations among the viewers.In the documentary genre, it is observed that reality is seemingly evident, wholesome without any manipulation compared to fiction film however the margins between reality and fiction are indefiniteDocumentarys selection and ordering of the images and sounds of reality constitute an account of the world however, it thereby becomes prey to loss of the real in its narratives of reality. (Cowie, 2011, p.1)It is the degree that these events are affected or directed by the filmmaker that causes concern for documentary. In Nanook of the North (1992) Robert Flaherty engrossed himself in the lives of the Inuit people, devoting a year living with them. This implies a participant observation attitude, where the filmmaker notes modestly and forms as impartial a record as possible. However for the purpose of dramatization Flaherty manipulated events, all of Nanook of the North is said to be one gigantic re-enactment (Nichols, 2001, p.13) for instance he filmed Nanook hunting with customary harpoon rather than the more modern weapons that he actually used. Such devices are actually central a nd perhaps inevitable practices in documentary production but the use of reconstruction has remained controversial raising issues on ethics as to whether a documentary filmmaker should engineer things in order to realising the truth of the subject matter.Documentary footage can only have a claim on the real if it is somehow taken unawares but this is untrue, all documentaries treat their material artistically. The experts in direct cinema alleged that the occurrence of the camera and filmmakers did not impact on their subject matter. Grey Gardens (1975) by the Maysles Brothers is a very famous fly-on-the-wall documentary about Edith Beale and Edie Beale, Jackie Kennedys aunt and cousin it is a far cry from observational documentary. As the filmmakers constantly relate with these plainly psychologically troubled women which rears important questions about the morals of documentary filmmaking. Sometimes while filming they just want to clarify information, such as a photograph but fre quently their contact is more difficultBecause the womens hold on reality is so tenuous the Maysles walk a fine pedigree in the film between examination and exploitation, foregrounding an issue that is forever and a day inevitably present in direct cinema (Grant Hillier 2009, p.74)Grey Gardens is a film that employs notions of performance and self-representation where both filmmakers and subjects are delighting in their individual presentations.There are different points to which the subjects of a documentary may be seen to be performing for the camerasA person does not present in exactly the same way to a companion on a dateand a filmmaker in an interviewthey modify their behaviour as the situation evolves. (Nichols 2001, p.9)The participation in shared roles has remained vital to the documentary project. Similarly there have been degrees of self-consciousness or mention by the filmmakers of the role they are performing in the production of a documentary. The fact that document aries will always be about the real world, real people and real issues, the idea of enactment with them is hypothetically profound and spontaneous as it appears opposed to concepts of truthfulness and undistorted reality. However in Nick Broomfields films Aileen Wuornos The Selling of a Serial Killer (1992) and Aileen Life and Death of a Serial Killer (2003) we are time and again drawn to his role as the filmmaker and moderator. At the end of the day his films are much more about him and the process of filming as they are about Aileen this offers a sense of truth, as privy the story is an condemnation of the media and the legal system of America. Consequently Broomfields films focus the role of the documentarist and the ways in which the filmmakers contact with the reality they are capturing influences the subsequent film.Documentary has always had an awe inspiring outcome on its audience the relationship between documentary and reality is debateable as most documentaries do integr ate particular fictional elements to elevate the visual effect and entertainment value of their film. Though they claim to present the world as it is and try to hold the attention of their audiences by the capacity of their argument, documentaries can never accomplish the level of impartiality to which they from time to time desire it can tell the truth but not the entire truth. (Chapman 1988, p.23) Therefore by analysing some of the conceptual and practical issues involved in defining the genre along with its relationship with reality across a variety of documentary modes the genre of documentary will always cause debate regarding its definition. Therefore all we can expect is that it will be a fair and ripe representation of someone elses experience of reality.

THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS

THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANSDoctor Faustus is a play written by Christopher Marlowe, base on the Faust story, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge. Doctor Faustus was first published in 1604, eleven years after Marlowes devastation and at least twelve years after the first performance of the play. Faustus is take onn as a tragic hero since he is a character that makes an fracture of judgment or has a fatal flaw which combined with fate external pressures, brings on a tragedy. This tragic flaw leading to either work on or inaction is the beginning of the characters downward sprial, which was originally caused by his great character trait. Faustus is a scholar who has great intelligence, ambition and honor these aspects of his personality be often his weakness, as well as his greatest personality trait, leads him into conflict. He is non a villain, his aims argon good but means to achieve it are not.Faustus comments that he has reached the end of ev ery subject he has studied. He appreciates Logic as world a tool for arguing Medicine as being unvalued unless it allowed raising the dead and immortality Law as being upstanding and above him Divinity as useless because he feels that all humans file sin, and thus to have sins punished by death complicates the logic of Divinity. He dismisses it as What doctrine call you this? (What will be, shall be). Actually, he was aware of every artistic production that mankind could be able to learn.Philosophy is odious and obscure,Both law and physic are for petty wits,Divinity is basest of the three-Unpleasant, harsh, contemptible and vile.Tis antic, magic that hath ravished meThen, gentle friends, uphold me in this attempt (100 105)You shouldnt finish your paragraph with a quotation. You should devote a line or two to analyse it and try to connect it to the point you pauperism to prove, which is that Faustus is a tragic hero.Nonetheless, he was not satisfied with everything he knew so he called upon his servant Wagner to bring for Valdes and Cornelius, two famous magicians. The good angel and the prominent angel dispense their own perspective of his interest in Satan. Though Faustus is momentarily dissuaded, proclaiming How am I glutted with conceit of this? He is apparently won over by the possibilities Magic offers to him. Valdes declares that if Faustus devotes himself to Magic, he essential vow not to study anything else and points out that great things are indeed possible with someone of Faustus standing.The miracles that magic will performWill make thee vow to study nothing else. (130 131)Thereafter, Doctor Faustus makes an accord with the Devil in order to achieve what he wants. just there, Faustus, Lucifer and other devils created a circle and speak an incantation. Then a devil named Mephistopheles appears before him. Faustus is unable to tolerate the hideous looks of the devil and commands it to change its appearance. Faustus, in seeing the obedienc e of the devil (for changing form), takes pride in his skill. He tries to bind the devil to his service but is unable to because Mephistopheles already serves Lucifer, the prince of devils. Mephistopheles also reveals that it was not Faustuss power that summoned him but rather anyone that abjured the scriptures would result in the devil coming to claim ones soul. Again you are re-telling me the story, but I cant see the point when you connect the characteristics of the tragic hero with those present in Faustus.I charge you to return and change thy shape,Thou art too ugly to pay heed on me.Go, and return an old Franciscan friarThat holy shape becomes a devil bestHow pliant is this Mephistopheles,Full of obedience and humility,Such is the force of magic and my spells (Iii 25 33)I am a servant of to great LuciferAnd may not follow thee without his leave.No more than he commands must we perform (Iii 39 41)Using Mephistopheles as a messenger, Faustus strikes a deal with Lucifer he is to be allotted twenty-four years of life on Earth, during which time he will have Mephistopheles as his personal servant. At the end he will give his soul over to Lucifer as payment and spend the rest of time as one damned to Hell. This deal is to be sealed in Faustus own blood. After having jive his arm, the wound is divinely healed and the Latin words Homo, fuge (Man, fly) appear upon it. Despite the dramatic nature of this obvious divine intervention, Faustus disregards the inscription with the presumption that he is already damned by his actions thus far, therefore left with no place to which he could flee. Mephistopheles brings coals to break the wound open again, and thus Mephistopheles begins his servitude and Faustus his oath.To sum up, Faustus own rapacity drove him to the grave and ruin. The Devil claimed his property and take Doctor Faustus to the depths forever.Juan, Im sorry to tell you but althugh this essay strangely displays a perfect grammar (for evidently theres cut and paste from wikipedia for MOST of the essay) you are not proving the point you are supposed to. Bear in mind the characteristics of the tragic hero and connect them to evidence y the text. Im quite disappointed, in fact. Mark 4 (four)

Sustainable Development Essay -- essays research papers

Sustainable Development     By the year 2200 there will be a attractor more community living on this planetthen there are now. Estimates range anywhere from 15 to 36 billion lot.Where will these people live? How will they live? The answer is sustainabledevelopment. Sustainable development, "meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. " Italso, "requires meeting the rudimentary needs of exclusively peoples and extending to them theopportunity to fulfill their aspirations for a better life. A world in whichpoverty is endemic will always be habituated to ecological and other catastrophes."Sustainable development is organism ignored in Chile, the Philippines, and Siberia,practiced in Madagascar and in Alaska, and examined in the Lake Baikal region ofRussia. These Countries must learn from from each one others failures and success todiscover what sustainable development involves i n their own country.     Sustainable development has three divisions, economic, environmental,and social. If sustainability is to occur it must, meet these three divisions.In Chile, none of these divisions is cosmos met. Economically speaking, almost40% of the population is poor and as a result many make a living directly fromthe land clarification forests. In the IVth region of Chile, forest regions arebeing depleted at an amazing rate. This depletion of the forest in this regionresults in two main things, one, people must spend increasing amounts of energytraveling to the site of present cutting and two, the removal of the trees overtime has lead to soil erosion and fast desertification of the area. This soilerosion also removes many nutrients from the soil making the land poor foragriculture. The third division, social, is not met here either. The lack oforganizations to relieve the negative set up of poverty on the environment have unless contributed to t he problem.     In the Philippines the environmental degradation is similar in naturebut more catastrophic in result. There in the province of Leyte 6000 peoplewere killed when flash flood ripped through Ormoc City in 1991. The floodswere a result of logging of a forest in that region and conversion of that areainto commercial farming practices such as sugarcane. This in itself did not... ...lace on earth it was necessary to account for all three areasof sustainability. This was finish by zoning the entire Lake Baikalwatershed into 25 different types of zones ranging from farmland to industrialparks. A total of 52 million acres were set deviation as parks, reserves,greenbelts, and landscapes. As well as zoning the entire basin, an agreementwas struck to reduce and hopefully end the pollution that enters Lake Baikalswatershed. In this way, not only was the environment saved, but so were peoplesjobs and thus the social and economic well-being.The Lake Baikal zon ing method is an example of how new methods ofsustainable development are always being created. Countries like Chile, thePhilippines, and Zimbabwe all can learn a lot from examples such as Madagascar,the United States, and the zoning method in Russia. In fact all countries canlearn a lot from the success and failures of each other. In every(prenominal) successfulcase of sustainable development the three aspects were met, economical,environmental, and social. In every failure at least one or more was missing.The lessons learned now can only help us as we enter the near millennia, andover 15 billion people.